The Low-Volatility Factor and Occam’s Razor

Pim van Vliet, PhD, is the writer of Excessive Returns from Low Danger: A Exceptional Inventory Market Paradox, with Jan de Koning.

The low-volatility premium will be the most compelling anomaly in monetary markets: Much less dangerous securities outperform their riskier counterparts over the long run.

Empirical exams of the capital asset pricing mannequin (CAPM) first documented this counterintuitive phenomenon greater than a half century in the past. It emerged not in a seek for alpha however quite as an unwelcome actuality, an unintended consequence of concept testing, and stays poorly understood to at the present time.

This makes the defensive low-volatility issue distinctive and units it other than different components.

For the reason that low volatility issue defies a risk-based clarification, lecturers who consider in environment friendly markets have bother accepting it. Certainly, Eugene Fama and Kenneth French left low volatility out of their three-factor and five-factor fashions. 

Practitioners, against this, typically wrestle to capitalize on the issue due to the excessive threat related to it relative to its benchmarks and due to leverage constraints and potential profession dangers.

Such complexities and hurdles make low volatility a particular animal throughout the increasing “issue zoo.”

But the low-volatility issue is each resilient and strong.

Right here, by making use of the precept that the only clarification is normally essentially the most correct — Occam’s razor — we make the case for low volatility. The graphic beneath exhibits how low volatility interacts with different components. Even after seven cuts or slices, the issue nonetheless performs. If it retains its alpha after so many slices, its simplicity have to be key to its significance.

The Beginning Level: CAPM

Utilizing US market information from July 1940 to December 2023, we measure the volatility issue very like a Fama and French type issue, by taking an extended place on low-volatility shares and a brief one on their high-volatility counterparts. Over this era, the low volatility premium (VOL) equals 6.4% with a beta that by development could be very near zero. The CAPM alpha is 6.3% each year with a t-stat of 5.3, far above the crucial ranges Campbell Harvey really useful to reduce the chance of discovering “faux components.”

Low-Volatility Premium (VOL) Managed for Different Components, July 1940 to December 2023

Sources: The Kenneth R. French Information Library and Paradox Investing

The First Slice, 2FM (Charges): Two Components, Equities and Bonds

When the CAPM was unveiled, Richard Roll’s critique was that bonds and different property ought to be included available in the market portfolio. Since low-volatility shares resemble bond-like shares, this larger rate-sensitivity might be an evidence. Nonetheless, a two-factor regression that features each equities and bonds lowers VOL’s alpha by solely 0.3%.

Second Slice, FF 3FM: Fama-French Three-Issue Mannequin

One clarification of the low-volatility issue is that worth is commonly defensive. Whereas the connection is time various, on common volatility masses positively on worth and negatively on dimension. The basic three-factor Fama–French regression, which incorporates each the worth and dimension components, reduces VOL’s alpha by 1.1%.

Third Slice, 4FM (Inv): Three-Issue Mannequin Plus Funding

Fama and French augmented their three-factor mannequin with two extra components — funding and profitability — in 2015. We discover the funding issue accounts for about 0.5% of VOL’s alpha. This makes intuitive sense since conservative, low-investment corporations are inclined to exhibit much less volatility. 

Fourth Slice, 4FM (Prof): Three-Issue Mannequin Plus Profitability

Of those two new components, profitability has a a lot stronger relationship to volatility and accounts for 1.2% of VOL’s alpha. We discover that unprofitable corporations are typically very unstable at the same time as their worthwhile friends don’t all the time exhibit the alternative. Thus, the brief leg drives most of this end result. 

Fifth Slice, FF 5FM: Fama-French 5-Issue Mannequin

Mixed, these 5 components carry VOL’s alpha down by 0.9%. This means that funding and profitability are totally different dimensions of the standard issue that work together with worth and dimension. 

Sixth Slice, 6FM (Mother): 5-Issue Mannequin Plus Momentum

Probably the most dynamic issue, momentum, generates excessive gross returns however requires appreciable turnover, which erodes internet returns. Because of this Fama and French didn’t embrace it of their five-factor mannequin. After we add momentum, the VOL premium doesn’t rise or fall.

Seventh Slice, 7FM: The Kitchen Sink

In our ultimate, all-inclusive “kitchen sink” regression, VOL’s alpha declines by 0.2% and continues to be standing at a statistically important 2.1%. 

All this demonstrates low volatility’s total robustness. The issue’s outperformance survives critiques from all totally different angles. By making use of Occam’s razor to the issue zoo and slicing low volatility each which method, the technique nonetheless stands out because the premier issue. If it takes 5 or 6 components to clarify it, low volatility is probably not that unhealthy in any case.

To take it one step additional, by integrating worth, high quality, and momentum right into a “Conservative System,” we create an enhanced low-volatility technique that beats VOL together with all the opposite components. The next determine exhibits how the Conservative Minus Speculative (CMS) portfolio fares after every of our earlier cuts. The alpha begins at 13.3% and solely falls to eight.2% in any case seven slices.

Enhanced Volatility Premium (CMS) Managed for Different Components, July 1940 to December 2023

Sources: The Kenneth R. French Information Library and Paradox Investing

Amid low demand for defensive investing in the course of the latest tech-driven market rally, the case for low-volatility investing could also be stronger than ever. In a market that usually overlooks it and a world the place the plain is commonly overcrowded and overvalued, the low-volatility anomaly stands as a testomony to the facility of contrarian considering.

Generally, the less-trodden path gives the higher journey. As we glance forward, the query stays: Will the market ultimately catch as much as this hidden gem, or will low volatility proceed to be the market’s best-kept secret?

For extra from Pim van Vliet, PhD, don’t miss Excessive Returns from Low Danger: A Exceptional Inventory Market Paradox, with Jan de Koning.

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All posts are the opinion of the writer. As such, they shouldn’t be construed as funding recommendation, nor do the opinions expressed essentially replicate the views of CFA Institute or the writer’s employer.

Picture credit score: ©Getty Photographs / Jordan Lye

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